

| Criteria | Aptamers | Antibody |
| Basic composition | Nucleotide (four members: A, G, T/U and C) | Amino acid (20 members) |
| Materials | Nucleic acid (single-stranded DNA or RNA) | • Protein (polymer peptide) •Antibodies consist of two light chains and two heavy chains |
| Molecular weight and/or size | • 6–30kDa (20–100nt) • ~2nm |
• 150–180kDa • ~15nm |
| Secondary structure | •Hairpin, stem, loop, bulge, G-quadruplex or kissing complex | • α-Helix and β-fold |
| Binding pattern and/or mechanism of action |
• Surface recognition • Three-dimensional interactions via van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions similar to the way antibodies bind to antigen • Reversal of activity via complementary antidote oligonuclotides |
• Binding pocket (key and lock model) • Three-dimensional interaction; antibodies recognize epitopes located on the target antigen |
| Affinity |
•High • Multivalent aptamers can confer increasing affinity and additional functions |
•High •Affinity between antibody and antigen depends on the number of identical epitopes on the target antigen |
| Specificity |
•High • The aptamer is able to identify single point mutations and conformational isomers |
•High •Antigens may have multiple epitopes, which allow different antibodies to bind to the same antigen |
| Potential targets |
•Wide range: ions, organic and inorganic molecules, nucleic acids, peptides, proteins, toxins, viral particles, whole cells, entire organs and live animals | • Limited to immunogenic molecules •No toxins or other molecules that do not cause strong immune responses |
| Generation and discovery | • In vitro SELEX (2–15 selection rounds) • ~2–8 weeks •Aptamer can be selected in hours or days via high-throughput automated SELEX |
• In vivo biological system • ~6 months or longer |
| Manufacturing and costs |
•Chemical solid-phase synthesis •Controllable and completely in vitro procedure • 2 days for milligrams; 2 weeks for grams •No or low risk of contamination • Facile regulatory affairs and cGMP • Low cost for DNA; high cost for long RNA (>60nt) with special modifications •Costs lowered with the development of new technology |
• In vivo (animal-based production) • Potential contamination due to cells or animal-based production • 3 months for 5–20 grams • From mammalian cells: high cost • From transgenic plants or animals: low cost |
| Batch-to-batch variation | •None or low | • Significant |
| Physical and thermal stability |
•Very stable and long shelf-life • Resistant to high temperature (even up to 95°C) and cycles of denaturation and renaturation •Aptamers can be lyophilized for long-term storage and transport at room temperature |
•Unstable and limited shelf-life • Susceptible to temperature (even at room temperature or 37°C) and irreversible denaturation • Requires refrigeration for storage and transport |
| Chemical modification and conjugation |
•Convenient and controllable •Various types available, including sugar, backbone, base and other modifications •Aptamers can be rationally modified without loss of binding affinity |
• Restricted and uncontrollable • Limited types and chemical reactions • Stochastic modifications very likely to cause negative consequences, such as loss of activity |
| Tissue uptake and penetration | • Faster |
• Slower |
| Immunogenicity | •None or low immunogenicity | •High immunogenicity • Increased immune reaction with repeated dosing |
| Nuclease degradation | •Vulnerable • Limited half-life in vivo (~10min for unmodified version) |
• Resistant and not affected by nucleases in vivo |
| Kidney filtration |
• Faster • Short circulation time in vivo (~30min for unconjugated version) |
• Slower • Long circulation time (up to 1 month) |
| Patents and distribution | • Exclusive patents in SELEX technology • Limited initial distribution |
• Expired protection or no early patents • More widespread distribution |
| Development and market |
• The development pathway is less explored • Insufficient education and investment (R&D support) •Commercialization has focused on diagnostic-based aptamer products |
•Well-developed infrastructure •Abundant support from finance and education • Rapid and sustained increase in drug market share |
| 药物名称 | 性质 | 靶标 | 治疗疾病 | 临床阶段 | 时间 | 研究单位 |
| Pegaptanib | RNA | VEGF | AMD | 上市(现已退市) | 2004 | Eyetech/Pfizer公司 |
| Zimura | RNA | C5 | AMD | Ⅰ期 | 2016 | Ophthotech公司 |
| Fovista | DNA | PDGF | AMD | Ⅲ期 | 2016 | Ophthotech公司 |
| AS1411 | DNA | 核仁蛋白 | 肾癌 | Ⅱ期 | 2008 | Antisoma研究中心 |
| NOX-A12 | RNA | CXCL12 | CLL | Ⅰ期 | 2012 | NOXXON制药公司 |
| NOX-E36 | RNA | CCL2 | DN | Ⅰ期 | 2015 | NOXXON制药公司 |
| ARC1779 | DNA | VWF | TTP | Ⅱ期 | 2008 | Archemix公司 |
| ARC19499 | RNA | TFPI | 血友病 | Ⅰ期 | 2010 | 维也纳医科大学 |
| NU172 | DNA | 凝血酶 | 心脏病 | Ⅱ期 | 2013 | ARCA生物制药公司 |
| REG1 | RNA | FIXa | 冠状动脉疾病 | Ⅱ期 | 2007 | Regado生物科学公司 |
| NOX-H94 | RNA | 铁调素 | ACI | Ⅱ期 | 2013 | NOXXON制药公司 |
| 生物基质 | 试验类型 | 备注 |
| 血清/血浆 | 代谢稳定性,血浆蛋白结合试验 | 金属螯合剂抗凝的血浆不适合代谢稳定性研究。 |
| 肝S9 | 代谢稳定性,代谢产物鉴定 | 肝S9一定程度上可以代替肝组织匀浆使用。 |
| 肝微粒体 | 代谢稳定性 | 肝微粒体的核酸酶活性较低,可以根据实际情况进行选择。 |
| 肝组织匀浆 | 代谢稳定性,代谢产物鉴定 | 酶体系比较全面,推荐用于Aptamer药物的体外筛选评价。 |
| 肝细胞 | 代谢稳定性,代谢产物鉴定 | 肝细胞酶体系最为完善,适用于肝靶向的Aptamer药物研究。 |
| 溶酶体 |
代谢稳定性 |
溶酶体具有丰富的酶体系,包括核酸酶和各种水解酶等,是研究Aptamer药物代谢稳定性的高效实验体系。 |
| 类别 | 分类 |
| 亚细胞组分 |
肝溶酶体 |
| 酸化肝匀浆液 | |
| 肝/肠/肾/肺S9 | |
| 肝/肠/肾/肺微粒体 | |
| 肝/肠/肾/肺胞质液 | |
| 原代肝细胞 | 悬浮肝细胞 |
| 贴壁肝细胞 | |
| 专属血浆 | 血浆稳定性 |
| 血浆蛋白结合 |