①铜离子通过芬顿反应产生大量活性氧(ROS),引发 DNA 损伤和脂质过氧化;
②铜离子通过抑制泛素-蛋白酶体系统来抑制细胞蛋白酶活性,并抑制细胞增殖;
③铜离子通过与脂酰化蛋白(丙酮酸、α-酮戊二酸、支链铜酸脱氢酶和甘氨酸裂解系统)结合,诱导脂酰化蛋白的聚集并抑制线粒体代谢功能,从而促进细胞发生铜死亡。
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