(A–D) U-2 OS cells were transfected with the indicated plasmid and selected via FACS and cell populations were analysed for clonal expansion via flow cytometry. (E–H) Fluorescence microscopy of cells sorted in A-D (scale bar = 20 μm). (I) EV pellet from U-2 OS WT cells. (J) EV pellet from U-2 OS CD81-mCherry cells. (K) Western blots of cell and EV pellets of U-2 OS WT and CD81-mCherry cells. (L) Transmission EM view of negatively stained affinity-purified CD81+ EVs. (M) Zoomed-in view of a cluster of CD81+ EVs imaged by transmission EM.
(A-C) CD63-GFP and CD81-mCherry U-2 OS expressing cells were visualized by dSTORM. (D–F) Zoomed-in view of yellow box in C. (G–I) CD81-mCherry does not co-occupy regions with β-actin, as visualized by dSTORM. (J–L) Zoomed-in view of yellow box in I. Scale bars are shown with corresponding values on the right for each row of panels
(A) CD81+ EVs were affinity purified and labelled with the photoswitchable dye CM Red. Max projection image (i.e., pre-dSTORM filtration) is shown. (B) dSTORM filtration of the image in A. (C) Zoomed-in image of a single EV. (D) Frame-index capture of CD81+ EVs in C showing photoswitching throughout the capture. (E) Size distribution analysis of CD81+ EVs viewed through dSTORM using CM Green or CM Red (n = 50 technical replicates, n = 3 biological replicates). (F) Box-Whisker plot of CD81+ EV sizes stained with CM Green or CM Red as measured by dSTORM as compared to NTA
图4.单个CD81+EV的双色染色和定位于膜的CD81的可视化
(A) CD81+ EVs were dual stained with CM Green and CM Red and imaged using dSTORM. (B) Scheme of the experimental setup showing the overlap of membrane dyes. (C) X and Y-axis scatter plot of photoswitching events of a small EV shown in B. (D) Photoswitching event distribution of the EV stained with CM Green and CM Red from the modal centre of the EV in the CM Red channel. The distance of modal centres between the channels is shown. (E) CD81-mCherry EVs were stained with CM Green and imaged using dSTORM. (F) Scheme of the experimental setup showing the offset of the membrane dye with the tetraspanin. (G) X and Y-axis scatter plot of photoswitching events of EV in E. (H) Photoswitching event distribution of the EV in F from the modal centre of the CM Green channel. (I) CD81+ EVs from WT cells were stained with CM Red and the endogenous CD81 was stained indirectly using Alex-fluor antibody conjugates. (J) Scheme of the experimental setup showing the offset of the membrane dye with the antibody spacer directed against the tetraspanin. (K) X and Y-axis scatter plot of photoswitching events of EV in I. (L) Photoswitching event distribution of the EV in I from the modal centre between signals
(A) A single CD81+ EV fromWT cells stained with CM Red was visualized by dSTORM with Z-axis astigmatism activated. (B) Frame index capture of the CD81+ EV shown in A. (C) Z-depth information of the CD81+ EV in A. (D) X-axis size histogram of EV with events plotted from the modal centre. (E) Y-axis size histogram of EV with events plotted from the modal centre. (F) Z-axis size histogram of EV with events plotted from the modal centre. (G) X and Y-axis scatter plot of photoswitching events of an EV. (H) Same as G, but for the X-Z axis. (I) Same as G, but for the Y-Z axis
图6.单个EV的三维重建
(A) Outline of the geometric foundation, with “slide” indicating the focal plane at z = -max. The filled red circle and red radius depict how a 2D image would look like. Above, the red sphere indicates the ideal EV, and the orange ellipsoid indicates the actual data. The red arrow r = sqrt (x2 + y2) depicts the radius at the equator, whereas “Norm” indicates the point vector from the centre to any point on the ellipsoid surface.Norm = sqrt (x2 + y2 +z ), which at z = 0 equals r. (B) 3-D representation of the data before transformation and (C) after transformation. (D) Principal component analysis (PCA) plot of an EV using 12 nm Z-axis binning of photoswitching events, showing hollowed core. (E) Same as D, but for a bin at one Z-axis increment shift. (F) Same as E, but for a bin at one Z-axis increment shift
图7.单个EV表面的四次跨膜蛋白簇
(A) Three-colour dSTORM was performed on total EVs using emissions from CM Red,CD81-mCherry, and anti-CD9 Alexafluor-488. Four representative images are shown: scale = 100 nm. (B) Clustering of photoswitching events of total EVs that were positive for CMRed and CD81-mCherry. X- and Y-axis show events collected post-super-resolution filtration in log scale. The max radius between modal centroids allowed was 150 nm (C) Same as B, but for co-localizing events for CM Red and CD9. (D) Same as B, but for co-localizing events for CD81-mCherry and CD9. (E) The total number of EVs per exposure was quantified using the non-specific membrane-intercalating dye CM Red and co-localizing frequencies were determined for CD81, CD9, or both. (F) The distance between modal centroids was determined between CM Red and CD81, and set to 1 radial measurement, R (dotted line). This was then compared to the distance between the centre of an EV and CD9, as well as between CD81 and CD9. For all experiments, three independent exposures were taken with > 900 individual EVs identified through CM Red clusters
图8.Cryo-EM显示EV表面有富含蛋白质的簇
(A–D) Representative images of EVs viewed under Cryo-EM. Surface nanodomains are shown with an orange arrow, highlighting the protein and/or lipid-dense regions of an individual EV. Empty regions are shown with white arrows. (E) Size analysis of EVs viewed through Cryo-EM. EVs were measured in diameter in nanometers based on their lipid bilayer and do not include protruding proteins from the surface
在多个轴向(Z)深度处收集光开关事件(图5A- C)。3D dSTORM与传统显微镜一样,沿z轴的分辨率小于沿XY轴的分辨率(图5D-F ),使用dSTORM在三维和多色通道中完成对单EV重建,这种直接可视化可用于确定 EV 表面上结构域和蛋白质复合物的存在,如图6所示。
为了进一步提供局部结构域的证据,对单个EV表面的两种不同的四次跨膜蛋白进行了3D成像,CMRed和CD 81- mCh erry 阳性的EV被鉴定为双阳性(图7B)。CD9也与CM Red 共定位,但出现在较少的EV上(图7C)。最后,仅对 CM Red 阳性的信号绘制两种四次跨膜蛋白的EV信号(图7D)。该方法鉴定了仅携带CD81的EV、仅携带CD9的EV和同时携带CD81和CD9的EV。异位过表达的CD81- mCherry在总EV中的定位水平(25.26 %±2.58 )高于CD9(17 .23 %± 3.94 )(图7E)。
结果讨论 作为 3d dSTORM在EV上的应用,本研究旨在揭示和记录EV的结构异质性,并研究EV 膜微区。结构表面组织和组成复杂性是EV和人工脂质体之间的关键区别,人工脂质体只包含有限数量的不同脂质,不含蛋白质。通过dSTORM可以识别单个和不同尺寸EV表面的四跨膜蛋白。这点得到了Cryo-EM的验证。总之,我们的研究表明,EV包含以前未被识别的表面结构和空间组织。对EV表面组装的进一步研究可能会对其细胞内组装、特定包装和组织特异性目的地产生新的见解。
dSTORM Training Kit
近日,Oxford Nanoimaging新开发的dSTORM Training Kit已发布 。使用此试剂盒,您不仅可以体验简洁方便的超分辨显微成像工作流程,还可以学习单分子定位显微镜的基本原理: